A mixed-method evaluation of implementation determinants for chaplain intervention in a hospital setting.

Healthcare chaplains address broad social and emotional dimensions of care within a pluralistic religious landscape. Although the development and evaluation of chaplaincy interventions has advanced the field, little research has investigated factors influencing the implementation of new chaplain interventions. In this mixed-method study, we examined attitudes about evidence-based interventions held by chaplain residents (n = 39) at the outset of an ACPE-accredited residency program in the southeast United States. We also used semi-structured interviews (n = 9) to examine residents' attitudes, beliefs, and decision-making processes after they trained in the delivery of a novel manualized intervention, Compassion-Centered Spiritual Health (CCSH). Most residents reported favorable attitudes toward manualized approaches prior to training. Interviews revealed complex decision-making processes and highlighted personal motivations and challenges to learning and implementing CCSH. Implementation science can reveal factors related to motivation, intention, and training that may be optimized to improve the implementation of healthcare chaplaincy interventions.

Establishing spirituality as an intermediary determinant of health among 42,843 children from eight countries.

The World Health Organization (WHO) Commission on the Social Determinants of Health (CSDH) conceptual framework identifies socio-economic position as a structural determinant of health. Recognized intermediary determinants include biological, behavioural, and psychosocial factors. We examined whether connections afforded by a healthy spirituality potentially act as unrecognized intermediary determinants in adolescent populations, contributing to inequities in mental health. Reports from 42,843 children (21,007 boys, 21,836 girls) from eight countries who participated in the 2017-2018 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study were used to describe correlations between family affluence and positive levels of mental health, using a cross-sectional design. Based on the CSDH conceptual framework and multivariable regression analyses, we then examined whether these associations were mediated by spiritual health. Connections afforded by a high level of spiritual health were universally correlated with positive mental health status. In three Western European nations (England, Scotland, and Wales) and Canada affluence was correlated with better mental health and this was partially mediated by spiritual health. Among the four Eastern European countries (Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland), our findings did not support aspects of the CSDH framework that focus on affluence as a direct determinant of health. Spiritual health potentially is an intermediary determinant of children's health in some Western countries, but not in Eastern countries. The universality of social determinants of health models and the measures used in their evaluation require careful assessment across cultures, political contexts, and health outcomes.

Digital Methods for the Spiritual and Mental Health of Generation Z: Scoping Review.

BACKGROUND: Generation Z (Gen Z) includes individuals born between 1995 and 2012. These individuals experience high rates of anxiety and depression. Most Gen Z individuals identify with being spiritual, and aspects from religion and spirituality can be integrated into mental health treatment and care as both are related to lower levels of depression. However, research on the spiritual and mental health of Gen Z is sparse. To date, there are no systematic or scoping reviews on digital methods to address the spiritual and mental health of Gen Z. OBJECTIVE: This scoping review aimed to describe the current state of digital methods to address spiritual and mental health among Gen Z, identify the knowledge gaps, and make suggestions for how to leverage digital spiritual and mental health interventions for Gen Z. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, PsycInfo, CINAHL, Education Full Text, Google Scholar, SocIndex, and Sociological Abstracts. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) study population born between 1995 and 2012 (ie, Gen Z); (2) reporting on spiritual health or well-being, spirituality or religion, and mental health or well-being; (3) reporting on using digital methods; (4) publication in 1996 or beyond; (5) human subject research; (6) full text availability in English; (7) primary research study design; and (8) peer-reviewed article. Two authors screened articles and subsequently extracted data from the included articles to describe the available evidence. RESULTS: A total of 413 articles were screened at the title and abstract levels, of which 27 were further assessed with full text for eligibility. Five studies met the inclusion criteria, and data were extracted to summarize study characteristics and findings. The studies were performed across 4 different countries. There were 2 mixed-methods studies (South Africa and Canada), 2 cross-sectional studies (China and United States), and 1 randomized controlled trial (United States). Of these studies, only 2 discussed digital interventions (a text messaging-based intervention to improve spiritual and mental health, and a feasibility study for a mental health app). Other studies had a digital component with minor or unclear spiritual and mental health measures. Overall, there was a lack of consistency in how spiritual and mental health were measured. CONCLUSIONS: Few studies have focused on assessing the spiritual and mental health of Gen Z in the digital context, and no research to date has examined a digital spiritual and mental health application among Gen Z. Research is needed to inform the development and evaluation of approaches to address the spiritual and mental health of Gen Z via digital means (eg, mobile apps).

Spiritual Health Consequences from the Iranian Adolescents' Perspective.

Spiritual health is a unique force that can influence the physical, mental, and social dimensions of life. In order to know the positive effects of spiritual health, it is necessary to explain the adolescents' experiences in this area. This study, therefore, aimed to investigate Iranian adolescents' experiences regarding the effects of spiritual health. This study was conducted based on a qualitative approach using content analysis. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 20 adolescents aged 14-18 years. Subsequently, the obtained data were analyzed using the Graneheim and Lundman method. In total, three major categories emerged from data analysis, including mental health promotion, self-control, and purposefulness in life. Considering the significant effects of spiritual health on adolescents' development, it is essential to pay attention to this dimension of health and develop plans to enhance it.

Perceived Benefits of Magdalena Energy Healing Sessions: An Exploratory Study of Clients' Perspectives.

BACKGROUND: Energy healing techniques are associated with many physical and mental benefits. A qualitative study was conducted to understand clients' experiences of a new energy healing modality called Magdalena Energy Healing. METHODS: Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted after clients experienced 60 min Magdalena energy healing session(s). Twenty-five adults participated in the study. All participants received Magdalena energy healing from a certified, trained practitioner. Thematic analysis was conducted to determine clients' perceived benefits of the Magdalena energy healing session(s). RESULTS: Four themes emerged from the data: Physical, Mental, Social, and Spiritual Benefits. Physical health benefits included relief from a variety of medical symptoms, improved sleep quality, and physical body awareness. Mental Health benefits included relaxation and peace, decision-making clarity, relief of mental health symptoms, and an increased ability to cope with life. Social Benefits included improved attitudes in relationships. Spiritual Benefits included optimism, gratitude, self-acceptance, and increased spiritual connection. CONCLUSIONS: Participants' perceptions are that Magdalena energy healing sessions offer peace, symptom relief, and gratitude. Magdalena energy healing can address priorities of The National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH). Sessions can be seamlessly integrated into traditional medical care as a useful complementary/integrative healing option to improve physical, mental, and/or spiritual wellbeing across a variety of diseases.

Medicinal plants and foods with metaphorical concepts in Rumi's "Masnavi Manavi": The psychosomatic approach to human health.

Objective: "Masnavi Manavi" is one of the most valuable texts of Persian literature. In this book, Rumi (Mevlana) with a unique method and in the form of moral stories teaches life lessons, mystical truths and even therapeutic advices to people. The aim of this study is to highlight the medicinal plants and foods that had been applied both in somatic and spiritual concept in "Masnavi Manavi' poems. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, a library-based, descriptive and analytical method was used. Results: Some medicinal plants and food terms such as rose-water, vinegar, honey, oxymel, common reed, grape, onion, garlic and wheat are mentioned in this study to show Rumi's metaphorical and therapeutic approach as a doctor who treats both soul and body. In fact, Rumi's intention to apply these terms was to express his ideas and views about the inseparability of physical and spiritual aspects in human health and well-being. Conclusion: Rumi focus in "Masnavi Manavi" moral stories is the soul health and consider body as carrier of the soul. Therefore, because of this psychosomatic approach to human disease, he selects the most suitable herbs and foods for explaining spiritual and somatic medicine.

Effects of traditional Chinese culture-based bibliotherapy on the spiritual health of patients with liver cancer.

BACKGROUND: Liver cancer is a serious global health problem and is associated with poor spiritual health. Bibliotherapy is beneficial in improving health outcomes in cancer patients, yet there is a lack of empirical evidence of its effect on the spiritual health of liver cancer patients in China. The study aimed to investigate the effects of bibliotherapy based on Chinese traditional culture on the spiritual health of patients with liver cancer in China. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Hunan Normal University School of Medicine and registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry with the registration (No: 2021260), which registration in June 30th 2021. METHODS: A total of 60 patients with liver cancer were divided into the intervention group (n = 30) and the control group (n = 30) through WeChat. The intervention group received bibliotherapy therapy based on traditional Chinese culture, while the control group received routine care. Spiritual health was assessed using the Spiritual Attitude and Involvement List (SAIL) and compared before and after the intervention between the two groups. The chi-square test and t-test were used to analyze the intervention effects. RESULTS: The two groups were comparable in all baseline characteristics including the SAIL score. After 5 weeks of intervention, the score of SAIL increased significantly from 96.76 ± 15.08 to 106.93 ± 13.82 in the intervention group (t = - 29.380, p < 0.001), while no significant difference in SAIL score was observed in the control group (from 95.27 ± 16.40 to 95.31 ± 16.24, t = - 0.189, p = 0.852). Similar patterns were also observed in its three dimensions of connecting with oneself, connecting with the environment, and connecting with transcendence. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that bibliotherapy based on traditional Chinese culture using the WeChat platform can greatly improve the spiritual health of patients with liver cancer and has the potential to be widely applied to cancer patients to improve their well-being.

Status and influential factors of spiritual well-being in cancer patients with drug clinical trials: a cross-sectional study.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the spiritual well-being status of cancer patients in drug clinical trials and its influencing factors, and to provide theoretical support for the spiritual health intervention of clinical trial cancer patients. METHODS: This cross-section study was conducted among 244 cancer patients in clinical trials. The Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale Short Form (MSAS-SF), Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale 10 (CD-RISC 10), and Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual (FACIT-SP-12) were used to measure symptom burden, psychological resilience, and spiritual well-being. The Multiple Linear Regression Model was used to determine the influencing factors of patients' spiritual health. RESULTS: The overall spiritual health level of cancer patients with clinical trials was high (36.87 ± 11.0), and the spiritual health level was positively correlated with psychological resilience (r = 0.872, P < 0.001). Religious belief, nationality, treatment regimen, and resilience were independent risk factors for the spiritual health of cancer patients in clinical trials. Patients with religious beliefs (ß = 0.097, P = 0.012), ethnic minorities (ß = 0.087, P = 0.023), and high resilience scores (ß = 0.874, P < 0.001) had higher levels of spiritual health. Patients who received single antineoplastic therapy (ß = - 0.079, P = 0.028) had lower levels of spiritual health. CONCLUSION: Our study found that the spiritual health of cancer patients in clinical trials was at a high level, superior to cancer patients receiving conventional anti-tumor therapy. Religious belief, nationality, treatment regimen, and psychological resilience were the influential factors of spiritual health.

Impact of a spiritual care program on the sleep quality and spiritual health of Muslim stroke patients: A randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: Stroke patients often experience poor sleep quality and spiritual health due to complications and limitations. In this situation, implementing spiritual care may reduce these problems. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effect of a spiritual care program on sleep quality and spiritual health of Muslim stroke patients. METHODS: This was a two-group randomized clinical trial conducted in Hamadan, Iran, in 2021, with 117 stroke patients. The samples were selected by convenience sampling and assigned to experimental (N = 59) and control (N = 58) groups based on random permutation blocks. The data were collected using the demographic information form, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Paloutzian and Ellison Spiritual Well-Being Scale, and the Modified Rankin Scale before and one month after the intervention. The experimental group received five daily sessions of spiritual care for 45-60 min based on standard and local methods, including patient orientation and identification of spiritual needs, religious care, supportive spiritual care, and beneficial evaluations. Data were analyzed by chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, independent t-test, and paired t-test at 0.05 significance level in SPSS 21. RESULTS: The socio-demographic characteristics were similar between the groups (p > 0.05). At baseline, there was no significant difference in sleep quality and spiritual health between the experimental and control groups (p > 0.05). However, after the intervention, the sleep quality and spiritual health of patients in the experimental group improved significantly compared with the control group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The spiritual care program improved sleep quality and spiritual health of stroke patients; therefore, nurses should consider these aspects to provide holistic care.

The anxiety associated with COVID-19, general health, spiritual health, and job satisfaction in healthcare providers: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Previous research has shown the impact of pandemic communicable diseases on the mental health of healthcare providers. This study examined the relationship between general health, spiritual health, anxiety associated with COVID-19, job satisfaction, and the mediating role of sex in healthcare providers in Iran in 2021. METHODS: This was a descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study performed on 163 healthcare providers of which 71.8% were female and 28.2% were male with an age range between 21 and 58 years, an average work experience of 9.5 years, and working as nurses, doctors, laboratory technicians, etc. in some hospitals in Sanandaj. Data were collected using COVID-19 Anxiety, General Health, job satisfaction, and Spiritual Health questionnaires. Then, the data were analyzed using SPSS-22 software, regression test, and path analysis. RESULTS: Although women averaged lower levels of general health, job satisfaction, and anxiety associated with COVID-19, and higher scores in spiritual health than men, none of these differences were statistically significant, and sex didn't play a significant role here. Also, general health and spiritual health could significantly predict 17.1% of the variance in job satisfaction in the path analysis. However, sex and Covid-19 anxiety could not significantly predict this variable. CONCLUSION: The results showed that there was not a significant difference between the male and female workers' general health when facing such pandemics. However, we may prepare interventions to promote their general and spiritual health and to promote healthcare providers' job satisfaction during such pandemics.

Connections associated with a healthy spirituality: are these unrecognized intermediary determinants that shape health inequities in Canadian young people?

BACKGROUND: The health of adolescents is determined by structural and intermediary factors. Such factors operate through pathways that foster different opportunities to achieve health and wellbeing, contributing to inequities. Past analyses of cross-national adolescent health data show that measures of child spirituality, conceptualized as the strength of the connections in our lives, may operate as intermediary determinants in some Western countries. Inspired by this idea, the current analysis provides an in-depth exploration of such pathways among Canadian adolescents. Our objectives were to confirm the existence of relationships between economic position and seven indicators of adolescent health status, then explore whether any observed inequities could be explained by the strength of connections afforded by a healthy spirituality. METHODS: Cycle 8 of the Canadian Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study was conducted in 2017-18. A school-based sample (n = 18,962) of adolescents was obtained from across Canada following a standard cross-national protocol. Eligible participants completed a general survey about their health, health behaviours and their determinants. Survey data were used to model the potential effect of perceived levels of relative affluence on each of seven health indicators. Comparison of crude and adjusted relative risks estimates from weighted log-binomial regression models provided evidence of indirect mediating effects attributable to each of four domains of spirituality. RESULTS: As perceived levels of family affluence increased, the percentages of young people who reported each (7/7) of the negative health outcomes decreased. The spiritual health domain "connections to self" (i.e., the importance of meaning, purpose, joy and happiness in life) mediated the strength of relationships between relative affluence and each (7/7) of the outcomes in boys and girls. "Connections to others" (the importance of kindness, respect and forgiveness) mediated the strength of relationships between relative affluence and each (7/7) of the outcomes among girls. Inconsistent evidence of possible mediation was identified for connections to others in boys, as well as the other two domains of spirituality (connections to nature, then connections to the transcendent) in boys and girls. CONCLUSION: Specific connections afforded by a healthy spirituality could be intermediary determinants of health in Canadian adolescent populations.

Investigating the Relationship Between Spiritual Health, Meaning in Life, and Death Attitudes among COVID-19 Patients Discharged from ICUs: A Cross-Sectional Study in Iran.

The COVID-19 pandemic has been shown to affect both physical and mental health. Because of this mental health burden, it is important to pay attention to issues such as the relationship between spiritual health, death attitudes and meaning in life - all issues made more prominent during the pandemic. This study was conducted to determine the correlation between these three factors - spiritual health, meaning in life, and death attitudes, among patients with COVID-19 discharged from the intensive care units of hospitals affiliated with Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.This cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study was conducted between April 2020 and August 2021 with 260 participants. The data collection instruments were a demographic characteristics questionnaire, Polotzin and Ellison's Spiritual Health Questionnaire, The Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ), and Death Attitude Profile-Revised (DAP-R).The correlation between meaning in life, spiritual health, and death attitudes was determined by Spearman's correlation coefficient. The research results showed that there is an inverse and significant correlation between spiritual health and death attitudes (p = 0.01); an inverse, but insignificant correlation between existential health and subscales of death attitudes, except for the subscales of approach acceptance and neutral acceptance (p > 0.05); and an inverse, but insignificant, correlation between spiritual health and death attitudes, (p > 0.05). In addition, there was an inverse and significant correlation between the presence of meaning in life and escape acceptance (p = 0.002); an inverse and significant correlation between the search for meaning in life and neutral acceptance (p = 0.007); and an inverse and significant correlation between the meaning in life and death attitudes (p = 0.04). Besides, the findings showed an inverse but insignificant correlation between all spiritual health subscales and the meaning in life subscales (p > 0.05). Spiritual health has an inverse correlation with death attitudes.Also, there is an inverse correlation between the total score of spiritual health and death attitudes. Regarding the subscales of spiritual health, there is an inverse correlation between existential health and death attitudes subscales, except for approach acceptance and neutral acceptance. Also, the results showed an inverse and significant correlation between meaning in life and death acceptance and avoidance subscales, and there was an inverse and significant correlation between the meaning in life and death attitudes. Finally, the increase in spiritual health reduces patients' risks of thinking about death. The research results double the significance of the role of nurses, especially those dealing with critically ill patients and those who have experienced severe disease conditions.

Relationships between spiritual health and perceived stress with breastfeeding adequacy in mothers with infants aged 1-6 months.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that psycho-spiritual state of mothers may have significant effects on their breastfeeding. The most common cause of nonexclusive breastfeeding is inadequate breastfeeding; therefore, this study examined the relationship between spiritual health and perceived stress with breastfeeding adequacy in mothers with infants aged 1-6 months. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional, descriptive, correlational study was performed on 186 mothers with infants aged 1-6 months, who referred to the health centers in Dorud city of Lorestan province, Iran, in 2021, which were selected based on cluster sampling. Data were collected through four questionnaires including demographic-fertility, spiritual health, perceived stress, and breastfeeding adequacy. Data was analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 22 using descriptive and analytical statistics. RESULTS: The mean ± standard deviation (SD) values of spiritual health, perceived stress, and breastfeeding adequacy were 99.59 ± 12.96, 23.8 ± 72.19, and 55.67 ± 7.67, respectively. There was a significant positive relationship between spiritual health and breastfeeding adequacy (P < 0.001, r = 0.268). In addition, there was a significant negative relationship between perceived stress and breastfeeding adequacy (P = 0.002, r = -0.231). CONCLUSION: Breastfeeding adequacy has a significant positive relationship with spiritual health and a significant negative relationship with perceived stress. Since infants are one of the most vulnerable groups and breastfeeding is the best way to support their health and reduce infant mortality rates, breastfeeding adequacy can be improved by reducing stress and promoting spiritual health.

Factors Influencing Spiritual Health among Nursing Students in the Prolonged COVID-19 Situation.

The COVID-19 pandemic is not only an epidemiological crisis but also a spiritual health crisis that affects nursing students. Spiritual health is essential in maintaining and promoting physical and mental health to achieve happiness, potential, meaning, and purpose of life even during a pandemic. This descriptive cross-sectional study aimed to examine factors affecting spiritual health of nursing college students. The study adheres to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines. A total of 219 nursing students from three nursing colleges in Metropolitan D city participated in the study through an online Google Form questionnaire from 2-18 September 2021. The mean score of spiritual health was 96.98 ± 11.54 (out of 120 points); spiritual health was significantly positively correlated with life satisfaction and academic performance (p < 0.001) and negatively correlated with academic stress (p < 0.001). Factors significantly affecting spiritual health were academic stress (ß = -2.21, p = 0.045), life satisfaction (ß = 3.85, p < 0.001), and academic performance; below score of 3.0 (ß = -2.08, p = 0.039). The explanatory power of these effects was 30.7%. As a future professional nurse who will work in the clinical field where the demand for the spiritual care of patients is increasing, it is necessary to develop and apply a curriculum that can improve the spiritual health of nursing students.

Patient Safety Culture and Spiritual Health in the Operating Room: An Iranian Exploratory Qualitative Study.

The concept of patient safety and spiritual health are considered essential components of health care systems and form the main pillars of quality care in many health care organizations. This study aims to explain the culture of patient safety and spiritual health in the operating room from the perspectives of operating room physicians and nurses. This qualitative study was of qualitative conventional content analysis type using purposive sampling. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews. Graneheim and Landman (2004) methods were used to analyze the data. To analyze the data of this research, 5 main themes including continuous and dynamic training and upgrading of safety skills, attention to spirituality, conscientiousness and work commitment, effective communication and teamwork, equipping human and logistical resources based on the principle of care, accurate recognition of instructions and error control were obtained. According to the findings, a proper understanding of patient safety culture can improve patient safety culture and increase the quality of services provided to patients.

The Language of Compassion: Hospital Chaplains' Compassion Capacity Reduces Patient Depression via Other-Oriented, Inclusive Language.

Objectives: Although hospital chaplains play a critical role in delivering emotional and spiritual care to a broad range of both religious and non-religious patients, there is remarkably little research on the best practices or "active ingredients" of chaplain spiritual consults. Here, we examined how chaplains' compassion capacity was associated with their linguistic behavior with hospitalized inpatients, and how their language in turn related to patient outcomes. Methods: Hospital chaplains (n = 16) completed self-report measures that together were operationalized as self-reported "compassion capacity." Next, chaplains conducted consultations with inpatients (n = 101) in five hospitals. Consultations were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using Linguistic Inquiry Word Count (LIWC). We used exploratory structural equation modeling to identify associations between chaplain-reported compassion capacity, chaplain linguistic behavior, and patient depression after the consultation. Results: We found that compassion capacity was significantly associated with chaplains' LIWC clout scores, a variable that reflects a confident leadership, inclusive, and other-oriented linguistic style. Clout scores, in turn, were negatively associated with patient depression levels controlling for pre-consult distress, indicating that patients seen by chaplains displaying high levels of clout had lower levels of depression after the consultation. Compassion capacity exerted a statistically significant indirect effect on patient depression via increased clout language. Conclusions: These findings inform our understanding of the linguistic patterns underlying compassionate and effective chaplain-patient consultations and contribute to a deeper understanding of the skillful means by which compassion may be manifest to reduce suffering and enhance well-being in individuals at their most vulnerable.

Developing The Spiritual Health Curriculum Approach Based on Tyler's Model in Iran.

Background: Spiritual health education is known as an important element in its implementation in the health system, which has different approaches to its implementation. Spiritual health has a positive effect on health, longevity, and recovery from physical ailments. Without spirituality education, education cannot function properly in biological, psychological, spiritual, and social dimensions or reach its maximum capacity. The present study aimed to develop the spiritual health curriculum approach based on Tyler's model in Iran between 2020 and 2021. Methods: In this qualitative study, by using a directed content analysis method and using validated curriculum models (Tyler's model), we developed a new spiritual health curriculum approach for Iranian society. This study was done between April 2021 and February 2022. Results: Because the spiritual health curriculum in Iran should be based on the philosophical and social principles of Iran, a new approach to spiritual health education based on Tyler's model was developed. Conclusion: Tyler's Iranian-Islamic model, which is suitable for our Iranian-Islamic culture and is valid for developing spirituality, was introduced.

Prevalence of elective cosmetic surgery and its relationship with socioeconomic and mental health: A cross-sectional study in west of Iran.

Background and Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and desire towards performing elective cosmetic surgery and its relationship with socioeconomic, mental, and spiritual health in Sanandaj, the capital of Kurdistan province in the west of Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was performed on 492 subjects in Sanandaj using multistage sampling method. Data collection tools included two checklists and two questionnaires. Data analysis was performed using the Chi-square test and multiple logistics regression model by the help of SPSS software version 20. Results: The mean (standard deviation) age of participants was 32.58 (9.67) years. The prevalence of cosmetic surgery and the desire to perform it were 12.8% (n = 63) and 19.1% (n = 94), respectively. The most common type of cosmetic surgery was rhinoplasty with 5.5% (n = 27). The prevalence of symptoms of mental disorders among people with cosmetic surgery and people willing to perform cosmetic surgery was significantly higher than all subjects (p < 0.001). Female gender (odds ratio [OR] = 1.98; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06-3.68) and having mild (OR = 3.01 95% CI: 1.06-3.68) and moderate to severe symptoms of mental disorder (OR = 7.59; 95% CI: 3.90-14.75) were among the influential variables on performing cosmetic surgery. Conclusion: Both the prevalence and desire towards performing cosmetic surgery are high in Sanandaj and this needs the attention of health policy makers. Designing targeted interventions with an emphasis on the findings of this study is proposed to reduce these practices.

The correlation between spiritual care competence and spiritual health among Iranian nurses.

BACKGROUND: Considering the importance of spiritual aspects of human beings, spiritual care provision is increasingly recognized as a major duty of healthcare providers, particularly nursing staff. Spiritual care competence is necessary for the nurses to be able to provide spiritual care, but the competence itself is associated with other variables. This study aimed to investigate if the spiritual care competence of nurses is related to their spiritual health. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with the participation of 172 practicing nurses in hospitals affiliated with Qom University of Medical Sciences, selected through stratified random sampling. Participants completed the Persian versions of the Spiritual Health Questionnaire (Amiri) and the Spiritual Care Competence Scale (Van Leeuwen). To examine the correlation between nurses' spiritual health and spiritual care competence, a Spearman coefficient was used and a linear regression analysis was done to determine the predictability of the spiritual care competence of the nurses. The data were analyzed using SPSS v.23 and the significance level was set at 0.05. RESULTS: The participants showed a mean (SD) score of 108.93 (19.04) on spiritual care competence and 213.38 (16.49) on spiritual health. Spiritual care competence of nurses showed no significant relationship with demographic characteristics and their spiritual health had a significant relationship with gender only. Correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship between spiritual health and spiritual care competence and their subscales. Moreover, the linear regression analysis indicated that the nurses' performance regarding spiritual health can predict their spiritual care competence. CONCLUSION: The study revealed that the spiritual care competence of nurses is correlated with their spiritual health and performance as a subscale of spiritual health can predict their spiritual care competence. Thus, it can be concluded that the spiritual health of nurses is an important factor in providing spiritual care for patients and meeting their spiritual needs.

Spiritual Health in Iranian University Students: a Systematic Review and meta-analysis.

Background and Aim: Spiritual health (SH), as the guiding force that maintains equilibrium in three dimensions of health - physical, mental, and social - can significantly contribute to the quality of life in humans. Therefore, the present study was to reflect on the levels of SH among Iranian university students. Materials and Methods: This study was fulfilled, employing a systematic review and meta-analysis, from November to December 2020. All the relevant articles, focusing on SH assessment in Iranian university students, published in seven valid databases between 2012 and 2020 were accordingly collected and evaluated. Finally, 20 articles were selected and analyzed using the Stata software. Results: A total of 20 studies conducted in Iran based on a sample size of 4805 individuals was found during the time period of 2012 and 2021. Spiritual Health in Iranian University Students was estimated to be 80.50 (95% CI, 73.56% - 87.44%). Conclusion: Considering the synthesis of the reviewed articles, SH was reported to be at high levels in nearly all Iranian university students, as expected in the Iranian-Islamic society. (Neuropsychopharmacol Hung 2022; 24(2): 78-84).